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Furthermore, in contrast to Greece, where civic identities could be subsumed into wider regional ones (for instance, citizens of Athens could define themselves by their deme, city or nationality – e.g. Archarnian, Athenian, Greek), in Phoenicia there was no concept of a common or shared identity beyond the level of the city state.

Therefore, as the population of Phoenicia increased, demand quickly outstripped production and thus the Phoenicians never achieved self-sufficiency in terms of foodstuffs.