Modern insan

(İng. modern human)

Göndermeler

Diğer

Supporting these patterns of successful admixture is the finding that modern humans, Neandertals and Denisovans share a karyotype with 23 pairs of chromosomes as opposed to the other great apes which have 24.

Estimates have been on the order of 170–700 kya for the Denisovan-modern human population split (Meyeretal., 2012) and 270–440 kya for the Neandertal-modern human split (Green et al.,2010), but recent reassessments of mutation rates suggest, e.g., 420 to 780 k for the latter (Hawks,2012).

One consequence is that we should probably stop thinking about these three lineages as separate species [in the sense of Mayr’s (1942) Biological Species Concept where interbreeding is definitional, but see Hey(2001) for many alternative definitions].

Nevertheless,the genetic story so far suggests that Neandertals and Denisovans had the basic genetic underpinnings for recognizably modern language and speech, but it is possible that modern humans may outstrip them in some parameters (perhaps range of speech sounds or rapidity of speech, complexity of syntax, size of vocabularies, or the like).

Recent evidence (Lalueza-Fox et al., 2010) from a Neandertal family assemblage was interpreted as indicating an interval of about 3 years between consecutive births, similar to that reported for modern hunter-gatherer groups.

the analysis (de Castroetal.,1999,2010) of the dental eruption pattern shown by a mandible attributed to Homo antecessor (0.8–0.96 mya) suggesting that a prolonged childhood similar to that of modern humans is a relatively early characteristic of the genus Homo.

In sum, the evidence points to modern speech capacities in the common ancestor of Neandertals and modern humans.The auditory specializations for speech on the modern bandwidth are present, the morphology of the larynx looks modern, and air sacs have been replaced by a finely controlled pulmonic airstream mechanism for vocalization. In addition, the gene that is known to be involved in the fine motor control necessary for speech FOXP2, has its modern form (although possibly not all of its modern regulatory environment). Interestingly, all these changes occurred in the transition from Homo erectus to Homo heidelbergensis, the common ancestor to both Neandertals and modern humans. We suggest therefore that this common ancestor was an articulate mammal.